The invisible hand is a concept in economics that refers to the unintended consequences of individual actions, especially in a market economy. The concept was popularized by the economist Adam Smith, who argued that individuals who pursue their own self-interest in a market economy will, through their interactions, inadvertently promote the overall well-being of society.

The invisible hand suggests that the pursuit of individual gain can lead to the greatest good for society as a whole, as long as the market is functioning efficiently and competition is allowed to occur. The concept is often used to defend the idea of a free market and to argue against government intervention in the economy.

While the concept of the invisible hand has been influential in economic theory, it has also been the subject of criticism and debate among economists. Some argue that the invisible hand does not always lead to the optimal outcomes for society, and that government intervention may be necessary in certain cases to promote the greater good.