There are several forms of monetary stimulus, but the most common include:

• Lowering interest rates: Central banks can lower the target interest rate, which is the rate at which banks borrow from the central bank. Lower interest rates make borrowing cheaper, which can encourage businesses and consumers to borrow and spend more.
• Quantitative easing: Central banks can purchase government bonds and other financial assets from banks, in order to increase the money supply. This can help to lower long-term interest rates and encourage borrowing and spending.
• Forward guidance: Central banks can also use forward guidance, which is a way to communicate their future plans for monetary policy. This can help to manage market expectations and stabilize the economy.

The goal of monetary stimulus is to increase aggregate demand, by making borrowing cheaper, encouraging spending and investment and reducing uncertainty. This can help to boost economic growth, increase employment and reduce inflation. However, monetary stimulus can also have negative side effects such as inflation, currency depreciation and asset bubbles.